The Impact of the Internet on Journalism

Presentation â€Å"The greatest test confronting news-media firms today is the changing methods for appropriation of news through the news media foundation of the Internet and communication, which convey news†¦at a more noteworthy pace in progressively open configurations and when customers request them† Freer (2007 p. 101).Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Impact of the Internet on Journalism explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Freer’s words uncover that in fact the web has an effect reporting dependent on the manner in which it has influenced individuals from getting to news through papers or potentially TVs. The passage of the web has demonstrated a hard nut to open as far as keeping up the customary journalists’ rehearses. Today, the greater part of the crowds don't invest their energy understanding papers, sitting in front of the TV, or tuning in to the radio, as it was the situation for the entire of the only rem aining century. To the more youthful ages, the utilization of online networking has changed their viewpoint on papers. Today, individuals can get to data by means of an assortment of news channels. For example, with the new media stage, which s the web, one can get to a few media stages simultaneously through destroying. The assortments of web empowered data social event and scattering apparatuses were not in presence until late 2000. For instance, blog, RSS channels, Gmail, webcasts, YouTube, Twitter, HD, Wi-Fi, iPods, Androids’, digital books, and Google news have been conceived as of late with an ability to get insurgency the universe of reporting. As paper readership decays, the utilization of online life increments. The crowd is expending megabytes of data, which is as a rule consistently provided by the news media. As indicated by Bird (2009, p.293), purchasers have had a superb chance to get to news rapidly by means of their phones as well as PCs. Accordingly, consider ing this indication, the paper uncovers how the section of the web has impactsly affected news coverage. In any case, it will begin by giving a concise foundation of news-casting and a feature of its connection with the web. Foundation of reporting Journalism is an activity led via prepared individuals in the field of gathering data in print, sound, or visual organization with an arrangement to move it to individuals as a method of staying up with the latest. Columnists have depended on customary media since the disclosure of the print machine during the 1850s. As indicated by Schudson (2003), individuals depended on the papers and their activities for almost a century. Notwithstanding, with the happening to the Web 2.0, there came online networks. Numerous columnists and individuals have likewise figured out how to utilize such web applications to hotspot for news. The crowd has likewise increased a more prominent opportunity of data get to by means of person to person communicatio n locales, utilization of wikis, utilization of video organizing, and through web journals. In that capacity, writers have needed to transform from their customary styles of social event, bundling, and conveying news to present day web put together journalism.Advertising Looking for exposition with respect to interchanges media? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More truth be told, the web based life represents the best test on today’s news coverage. As indicated by Deuze (2007), the test presented by web based life on news coverage might be a perpetual one. Buyers are tended towards devouring what they need, where, and when they need. The web has completely changed the essence of reporting. The web has progressed electronic reporting transforming it from a data change vocation to data preparing one (Schudon, 1995). Web news-casting has come about to different effects. It has modified the capacity and nature of the media, e mpowered residents to add to media content, spread data, counter news through virtual system, and to take an interest legitimately in news creation. Truth be told, Jarvis (2006) alludes the web based media as arranged news coverage. Effects of the Internet on Journalism The main effect that the web on news coverage is that it has changed the capacities and nature of reporting. This effect has been acknowledged through end of the job of watchmen. Residents would now be able to get to unfiltered data through the web. This case infers that, in spite of the fact that the watchmen may alter certain data to accommodate their home guidelines, dispose of defamation, or make it fit a specific space, the crowd has different channels of getting to data. This contention implies that the web has opened more spaces for the crowd. The time when the guardian would alter substance for the crowd has been disposed of by the web. The web has altogether changed the idea of news-casting on the planet tod ay. Today, writers from over the world can trade news data progressively. The web has advanced data trade over the globe. Live transmissions that stream by means of YouTube and Skype structure different roads that columnists have consistently misused. The quality and assortment of news things have additionally expanded with more noteworthy data trade by means of the web. Columnists are additionally ready to control the measures of their work through live examination with other worldwide media. The second effect of the web on news coverage is that it has changed news coverage from data dispersion to today’s’ data preparing capacity (Schudson, 1995). The web, which is the latest media, has changed news coverage similarly as other media stages transformed it. The web is remarkable in that it upgrades intuitiveness and contact with other media. This uniqueness has brought about noteworthy unrest in news coverage and its way of life. With the web, crowd and the sources take practically equivalent jobs during the time spent data production.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Impact of the Internet on Journalism explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The past period when the media would shoot thoughts into the audience’s mind has been surpassed by time. Previously, a writer with a scratch pad or a camera was compared to a monkey holding a stacked weapon and consequently the previous enchantment shot job of the media. Notwithstanding, as per Bruns (2005), with the wide appropriation of the web, writers are t contrasted and door watchers implying that their job has been decreased from the dynamic watchmen to lethargic entryway watchers. They have no capacity to restrain data stream: they are presently watchers or better despite everything witnesses. Columnists and residents are presently data exchangers since both depend on one another for data. Each resident can impart their sentiments about certain reports by means of the web. Similarly, the crowd takes part during the time spent data preparing, which was previous bound for columnists. Schudson (1995) asserts that the significant importance of news coverage in this period has been sectored on its capacity to expertly process data. With the current data over-burden from the web, the nature of such data can't be trusted. Today, individuals can transfer pictures and reports that are inclined toward accomplishing certain closures. To shield themselves from data abuse, the crowds need to keep counterchecking such data from confided in writers. The third effect of the web on news coverage is that crowds have picked up the position to pick the data they need to expend. Bruns (2005) declares that the web has broken the data limits that existed throughout the years. The data world is not, at this point constrained by the geological space. One can share news from a far landmass continuously through the web. The crowds can likewise pick what to tune in to or watch by means of the web, for instance, through YouTube. They can likewise pick when to watch or hear it out through the way toward destroying. The web has empowered writers to connect with their crowd 24 hours per day. This openness additionally empowers the crowds to give their criticism or potentially add to media content whenever at whatever day in this way permitting free progression of data. News coverage has likewise profited by the effect of the web. Guests can now email or joke certain rectifications of mistaken reports before they are generally scattered. For example, if there is a blunder of the quantity of casualties to specific mishaps, the onlooker crowd can in a flash convey to newsrooms for rectification along these lines assuming the job that was at first implied for a columnist before the web time. The crowd can likewise utilize the web to end the right foundation sounds, pictures, and pictures. The crowd can catch despite everything pictures, movies , sounds, and occasions and transmit them to newsrooms with a tick of a button.Advertising Searching for paper on correspondences media? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The web has likewise advanced the money of data offered to general society. Writers utilize the web to refresh data continually. The utilization of computerized broadcasting by means of the web empowers individuals to get consistent news update at the solace of their workplaces, rooms, and even games in this manner inferring that one doesn't need to consistently convey a radio or a TV wherever the person goes. Individuals can likewise get separated news data at whatever point they need it. Winged animal (2009) certifies that, through the web empowered PDAs, crowds can scan the web for pertinent news data. The web has empowered a constant progression of data in either measurement: from the sender to the collector and the other way around. The same number of exceptional newsrooms turn towards governmental issues, the web has empowered the crowd to get to crude data before it is altered to fit certain points. This mean

How to join a site :: essays research papers

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Diversity at Illinois

Diversity at Illinois Here at Illinois, diversity is not just a word, it is a hallmark. There is no other university that can make the claims of diversity that ours can. For years, our universitys leaders, students, and alumni have tirelessly made a consistent effort to make Illinois an environment of inclusivity and openness. Each of our residence halls has a Multicultural Advocate that serves as a resource for residents to learn more about social justice and inclusivity in our community. The Multicultural Advocate plans and hosts many activities and events within their hall that encourage community conversations that will help Illinois students to learn more about inclusivity and openness in an environment where sharing of opinions and perspectives is encouraged. Many students will find that their Multicultural Advocate is a major part of what makes the Illinois residential experience so valuable. Our campus is also a major hub for cultural centers that focus on helping students to engage with many diverse cultures. These includes centers for African Americans, Asian Americans, LGBT students, and so many more. Going to these cultural centers gives students insight into avenues of cultural awareness and diversity that they may not experience elsewhere. Every week, these centers host dinners and events that engage with students about their mission. I highly recommend that every Illinois student explore these cultural centers and expand their horizons. Anyone that comes to Illinois will not only gain a world-class education in their field of interest but also social justice. It is such an important part of our identity here at Illinois. It is at the forefront of every decision that our university makes. This not only makes our university very forward-thinking but also truly unique. Courtesy of Washington State University-Vancouver Jacob Class of 2019 I’m an Advertising student within the College of Media. My hometown is a place called Fairmount, Illinois, which is about 30 minutes from campus. I began my Illinois journey in the Division of General Studies.

The Internet and Censorship - 940 Words

The internet is a diverse pool of information that anyone nowadays can have access to. One of the more controversial topics that involves the internet, is the censorship of the internet. Internet censorship can be defined as the control or suppression of what can be accessed, published or viewed on the internet. It’s been hot topic in recent years because many government organizations have been trying to pass many reforms to help push the censorship of the internet, either directly or indirectly. Things like Net neutrality and SOPA/PIPA have been playing major roles in censorship of the internet. They show how both private companies and the government want to suppress our use of the internet as well as what we can do on it. The most recent topic that has been playing a part in the censorship of the internet is Net neutrality. To sum the idea up, Net Neutrality is the idea that ISPs or Internet Service Providers and the government need to treat all data on the internet equally. These companies and private sectors of the government have been trying to come up with ways to make the way people surf the internet both more complicated and more expensive. Their current mindset of distributing the internet is as follows. Currently, consumer like you and me pay ISPs to bring our own share of the Internet pool to our homes. However, ISPs have been trying to milk the system in a very simple yet effective way. What they do is down throttle or slow down either certain thing that youShow MoreRelatedCensorship And Censorship Of The Internet985 Words   |  4 Pagesissue of Censorship of the Internet in America has become a trending topic. The internet has been commonly censored to comply with the Digital Millennium Rights Act, but in recent times our government has been requesting more aggressive censorship in order to provide a safer cyberspace. If the American government began to censor the internet, the restriction will result in suppression of freedom of the press , hindering freedom of speech, and reduce the plethora of information on the internet. If AmericaRead MoreCensorship And Censorship Of The Internet1754 Words   |  8 PagesCensorship of the Internet is on the rise in highly populated states today. Although the Internet is considered as one of the most significant tools for the public sphere, many users have decried the Internet’s benefits and seen the Internet as a ‘double-edged sword’. Even as the Internet connects most of the world and gives valuable access to information, the same tool allows access to material that may be considered dangerous or harmful. The recent increase in discussion on the act of censorshipRead MoreThe Censorship Of Internet Censorship3057 Words   |  13 Pages Internet Censorship Student’s Name: Institution Name: Internet Censorship Internet censorship refers to the suppression and control of what people can access, publish, or view on the cyberspace (Reynolds, 2014). It may be done by regimes or private firms at the command of the government. It can be a government’s initiative is or carried out by regulators. Organizations and individuals may practice self-censorship for religious, business or moral reasons to comply with societal normsRead MoreInternet Censorship And The Internet941 Words   |  4 Pages More than two decades ago, the Internet was yet to be ubiquitous in the homes of the general public around the world. Today, global users of the Internet has surpassed the 3 billion mark, or approximately 45% of the world population, a trend that is not likely to slow down anytime soon (World Internet Users Statistics and 2015 World Population Stats, 2014). The idealistic vision of self-governance of the Internet has proved to be insufficient and threats to the Internet’s core principles areRe ad MoreInternet Censorship1799 Words   |  8 PagesTechnologies Used In Internet Censorship and Control Murdoch (2013) opines the Internet as an entity where control is always fought over for by those that use it. He further demystifies the internet, breaking it down to the two protocols that define it. These are the transmission control protocol – TCP- and the Internet Protocol –Ip. It is these protocols that enable the connection of two separate networks to each other. The protocols enable the easy connection of separate networks, without theRead MoreThe Importance Of Internet Censorship1378 Words   |  6 PagesInternet Censorship The Internet has become a growing source of entertainment and information over the past years. As more and more people become familiar with the Internet, the potential of its contents grows rapidly, at an uncontrollable rate. With something such as the Internet, which contains virtually an infinite amount of space, more is being added than taken away. Therefore with the growing amount of users, the content grows as well. Different people use the Internet for different things withRead MoreCensorship on the Internet Essay908 Words   |  4 PagesCensorship on the Internet Five years after the first world wide web was launched at the end of 1991, The Internet has become very popular in the United States. Although President Clinton already signed the 1996 Telecommunication ActI on Thursday Feb 8, 1996, the censorship issue on the net still remains unresolved. In fact, censorship in cyberspace is unconscionable and impossible. Trying to censor the Internet its problematic because the net is an international issue, there is no standard forRead MoreInternet Censorship Essay1329 Words   |  6 PagesInternet Censorship Used Around The World Some people wonder who came up with the idea of internet censorship. Other people want to know which countries use it. Some ponder over the idea of what really is internet censorship. Internet censorship is controlling what can be viewed, and which sites can be used on the internet. Some things about internet censorship are countries that use it, and who started the idea of it. There are lots of countries that use internet censorship. A few of them are ChinaRead MoreInternet Censorship Essay886 Words   |  4 PagesInternet Censorship Presently, it seems that the Internet is playing a very important role in everyones daily life. This multipurpose network has many different functions useful for everyday work and entertainment. Due to the freedom of the Internet various debates and protests have come to disagree with its open form of communication. Because of the misuse of the internet many people believe that there should be some kind of internet censorship, while others are against internet censorshipRead MoreThe Importance Of Censorship On The Internet1558 Words   |  7 PagesPolitics October 30 2017 Censorship The internet is a vast database that allows for the entire world to be connected. However most people while surfing the internet have come across a censored page, or a website saying that this site has been â€Å"legally† blocked by the government. Censorship is defined as the suppression or prohibition of free speech by preventing a person from saying what they want to say. Typically in modern society, censorship takes place on the internet when certain items are deemed

North Carolina State Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

North Carolina State University is a public research university with an acceptance rate of 46%. Located in Raleigh, North Carolina, NC State offers over 300 undergraduate and graduate degree programs and ranks consistently among the top North Carolina colleges and top Southeast colleges. Considering applying to North Carolina State University? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Why North Carolina State University? Location: Raleigh, North CarolinaCampus Features: The main campus of NC State is defined by its attractive red-brick buildings and the 115-foot bell tower. Located in North Carolinas Research Triangle, the campus is a hub for science, technology, and innovation.Student/Faculty Ratio: 13:1Athletics: The NC State Wolfpack competes in the NCAA Division I Atlantic Coast Conference for most sports.Highlights: The largest university in North Carolina, NC State has many strengths in science and technology fields, and was also awarded a chapter of Phi Beta Kappa for strong programs in the liberal arts and sciences. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, North Carolina State University had an acceptance rate of 46%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 46 students were admitted, making NC States admissions process competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 30,193 Percent Admitted 46% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 34% SAT Scores and Requirements NC State requires that all students submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 49% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 620 680 Math 630 710 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing The admissions data tells us that most of NC States admitted students fall within the top 20% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to NC State scored between 620 and 680, while 25% scored below 620 and 25% scored above 680. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 630 and 710, while 25% scored below 630 and 25% scored above 710. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1390 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at North Carolina State. Requirements North Carolina State does not require the SAT writing section. Note that NC State participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each section across all SAT test dates. SAT Subject tests are not required for admission to North Carolina State University. ACT Scores and Requirements North Carolina State requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 52% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 26 33 Math 26 30 Composite 27 31 This admissions data tells us that most of NC States admitted students fall within the top 14% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to NC State received a composite ACT score between 27 and 31, while 25% scored above 31 and 25% scored below 27. Requirements NC State does not require the ACT writing section. Unlike many universities, North Carolina State superscores ACT results; your highest subscores from multiple ACT sittings will be considered. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA for incoming North Carolina State University freshman was 3.76. All incoming first-year students at NC State had GPAs ranging from 2.0 to 4.0, and nearly 90% of admitted students had GPAs of 3.50 and above. These results suggest that most successful applicants to NC State University have primarily A and B grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph North Carolina State University Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Â  Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to North Carolina State University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances North Carolina State University, which accepts fewer than half of applicants, has a selective admissions process. Most successful applicants have strong grades and SAT/ACT scores. In the scattergram above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. You can see that most successful applicants had B or higher averages, SAT scores of about 1150 or higher (ERWM), and ACT composite scores of 24 or above. Higher numbers clearly improve your chances of getting an acceptance letter, and you can see that the great majority of applicants with A averages and high test scores were admitted. In addition to grades and test scores, the NC State admissions folks take into consideration the rigor of your high school courses, the strength of your application essays, and your commitment to extracurricular activities, leadership experiences, and community service. And, since NC State is an NCAA Division I university, excellence in athletics can play a role in the admissions process. All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and North Carolina State University Undergraduate Admissions Office.

The City vs. the Country Preserving the Memories in a Fast-Paced World Free Essays

Romantic poets of the past attempted to portray the idea that emotion is more important than reason.   Perhaps they are reacting to the new emphasis of reason and rationalism and feared that people might forget the more esoteric benefits of nature and emotion and reflection. In William Wordsworth’s â€Å"Lines Composed a Few miles Above Tintern Abbey,† the city and the country are contrasted for the reader through the use of reflective imagery and symbolism in an effort to reconnect the reader with these passions and to encourage his use of memory to summon strength. We will write a custom essay sample on The City vs. the Country: Preserving the Memories in a Fast-Paced World or any similar topic only for you Order Now Wordsworth believed, as did all romantic poets, in writing from the heart.   Thus his poem is a reflection of his two visits to Tintern Abbey, a former medieval church.   The beauty of this natural surrounding is the subject of the poem. His first solitary visit occurred five years earlier than his second visit with his sister.   He hopes to give her an escape from her grief and sadness in the future by providing her with the memories of this visit.  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, the reader can be seen as an extension of the sister, the symbol of all people who need to find solace in nature and the love and peace it produces. The second visit, for Wordsworth, is different from the first.   Upon his first visit, he recalls his initial passion about nature which he has since lost.   He recalls his love of nature and the comfort it had given him in lines 23-28: Here he gives his sister, and the reader, a look into his feelings about the view that he has missed.   He notes that he was not ‘blind’ to the view, but has called upon it while in the noisy and tiring cities.   Here, life in the city is presented negatively, as being an oppressive and unhealthy environment, while the natural, peaceful environment of Tintern Abbey is calming, soothing, and healing. Life for the speaker now, as a city dweller, is symbolized in line 39 as a â€Å"heavy and weary weight† and refers to his life there as one â€Å"of joyless daylight; when the fretful stir / Unprofitable, and the fever of the world, / have hung upon the beatings of my heart† (lines 52-55).   This gives the city life an essence of disease and pain while his second visit to the abbey gives him the rushing hope â€Å"That in this moment there is life and food / for future years† (lines 64-65). How to cite The City vs. the Country: Preserving the Memories in a Fast-Paced World, Papers

Advanced Risk and Uncertainty Management

Question: Describe about the "Melbourne Metro Rail Project". Answer: Introduction: The Melbourne Metro Rail Project which is commonly known as the Metro Rail Capacity Project was a planned infrastructure assignment in Melbourne. The project involves the designing of the twin tunnel to make a way from South Kensington railway station to South Yarra. This project was a master piece out of several infrastructure projects which were designed to increase the pool capacity and also transforming the suburban computer based system to metro style rapid transport system. The project would deliver two rail tunnels of nine kilometres each. In the year 2014, the Andrews Government revived the main Melbourne Metro Rail Project. In this literature review various risk models, the risk associated with the project and its management have been discussed (Hale, 2015). Risk definition: As stated by Carey (2013), every project revolves around d certain risks. Risk related to the financial crisis, human resource, management, material resources, communal risk, ethical issues, etc. Risk can be defined as assess the probability, exposure to all the different hazards and severity of all the activities. For any infrastructure project there exists a chance of risk since everything might not give the same outcome as planned. In this metro project, there is a risk of an architect or design of the project. This risk should be identified, analysed and managed based on certain models and techniques (Drehmann Nikolaou, 2013). Risk analysis models: In order to assess the risk use of certain models are important. According to the Ayyub (2014),the models have the potential to give rise to poor design, disaster due to uncertainty flexibility or inappropriate interpretation. There are various models associated with risk analysis. The first model is the Risk Management model. It is an approach for systematic recognition, analysis and response to the risk of the project. This model suggests the way to deal with the risk associated with the project. Risk control is a part of this plan. Monitor and review of the height of risk and capability to manage the risk is a part of the model plan. Firstly, the context needs to be defined involving the clients need and stakeholders analysis. Secondly, the risk needs to be identified and also the constraints that might affect the project must be recognised. Thirdly, the risk needs to be assessed and the impact and rate of occurrence need to be quantified. Lastly, the responses based on the risk a ssessed needs to be defined and also the implementation (McNeil et al. 2015). The second model is the "Simulation modelling." Whenever iterative simulation is used the Monte Carlo technique is often used along with software programme. The simulation involves the input that reflects the possible risks with proper distribution. The model randomly produces a value in reference to the risk and accumulates them if multiple risks are included in the model. The whole system is computerised. The output refers to the distribution of the grand cost, period and the measurement used to qualify and safety associated with the risk. The result obtained from the output could be used to schedule the durations and complement the budget so that risk associated with the project could be reduced (Fishman 2013). As stated by Gueudr et al. (2014), the Generic Model is associated with six modules which involve project definition, identification of the risk, quantification of the risk, risk evaluation, implementation as a risk response, and monitoring linked with controlling. Figure: Model-based on risk assessment Types of risks in railway Projects: A literature review states a rail project is associated with several risk generally the financial and safety risk involved with the construction of the projects. The risk potentially prevents the project from functioning leading to uncertainty in the cost overruns, delay of the project, issues associated with the safety, system reliability and integrity (Kendrick, 2015). The various risks associated are as follows: Technical risks Commercial and procurement risk Interface risk Financial risk Legal and political risk According to Kendrick (2015), the technical risk involves the risk of completeness of the design. If the design is not according to the clients requirement, then there might be complications and problems. Moreover, if the designing lacks integration and is not according to the intellectual property rights, there might remain a risk. In any constructional project there always remains a risk of communal and labour safety. Even the use of unapproved or outdated technology might cause risk. Geographical location or climatic condition can also sometimes cause hindrance in the project (McNeil et al., 2015). The size of the project if it is long, if there are budget constraints or type of contract, dispute resolution, etc. might cause risk associated with the project. Interface risks are also a significant issue that is associated with the railways. As discussed by Kendrick (2015), the financial risks such as budget constraints and funding can also be a big issue. The funding given by the government should not be restricted or the project might get hampered due to an elevation of the budget that was not predicted. Inflation of the currency and modifications in the exchange rate can also be reasons for risk. The political corruptions and uncertain regulatory atmosphere could be a significant constraint in the railway project. Moreover, literature review reflects that taxation can bring about huge loss to an organisation funding the project. Huge tax charged can, therefore, be a hindrance (McNeil et al., 2015). Risk management in railway project: As stated by Teller et al. (2014), the risk associated with the infrastructure projects should be managed in order to complete the project successfully. This can be done by using risk management which is an ongoing process which is continuous throughout the project and include identification, evaluation, allocation, mitigation and review after monitoring. According to Williams et al. (1997), methods were developed by which risk management was practised. The methods were software intensive programs based on these specific road maps were designed. Such approached helped in conducting the project and make the practices. In a literature review, it was stated that due to the dynamic environments of the designing of the project and the complexity results in high degree of risk and uncertainty. In one of the literature review regarding the Korean high-speed railway states that after eight years of the railway construction, a new Korean train Express was planned. The project was complex thus requires proper planning and management. As stated by Bhattacharya et al. (2012), the risk management involves new high-speed railway system, new technologies, etc. The risk management involved in the project was technical management related to engineering and construction risk management, financial management, social and also political management (Teller et al., 2014). Project risk management" chiefly comprises expenditure and "schedule uncertainties" and risks linked with every activity of the "project network." It has been recognised the main "risk sources" and "quantified the risks" in stipulations to probability, impact and rigorousness in a "complex infrastructure project" for the creation of new and innovative designs related to railways (Bhattacharya et al., 2012). Conclusion: The "Melbourne Metro Rail Project" involves the designing of the twin tunnel to make a way from "South Kensington railway station" to "South Yarra." For any infrastructure project there exists a chance of risk since everything might not give the same outcome as planned. In this metro project, there is a risk of an architect or design of the project. The models have the potential to give rise to poor design, disaster due to uncertainty flexibility or inappropriate interpretation. In terms of the "Melbourne Metro Rail Project," the "Simulation modelling" can be applied. The reason behind this is that the project aims at developing a high-tech metro station with modern amenities which could be fulfilled by the use of computer system analysis and system generated outputs. The output would offer the estimation of the budget, time management and quantify the safety associated with the project. The risks associated with this project can be checked by using risk management which is an ongoin g process which is continuous throughout the project and include identification, evaluation, allocation, mitigation and review after monitoring. Such activities and regulations can lead to the success of the Melbourne Metro Rail project. References: Ayyub, B. M. (2014).Risk analysis in engineering and economics. CRC Press. Bhattacharya, A., Romani, M., Stern, N. (2012, May). Infrastructure for development: meeting the challenge. InCentre for Climate Change Economics and Policy, Londres. www. cccep. ac. uk/Publications/Policy/docs/PP-infrastructure-for-development-meeting-the-challenge. pdf. Consultado el(Vol. 15). Carey, A. (2013). Is road or rail the answer to Melbourne's congestion problems?.Geodate,26(4), 2. Drehmann, M., Nikolaou, K. (2013). Funding liquidity risk: definition and measurement.Journal of Banking Finance,37(7), 2173-2182. Fishman, G. (2013).Discrete-event simulation: modeling, programming, and analysis. Springer Science Business Media. Gueudr, T., Dobrinevski, A., Bouchaud, J. P. (2014). Explore or exploit? a generic model and an exactly solvable case.Physical review letters,112(5), 050602. Hale, C. (2015). Planning Melbourne metro: Why every centimetre and every dollar counts.Planning News,41(11), 16. Kendrick, T. (2015).Identifying and managing project risk: essential tools for failure-proofing your project. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., Embrechts, P. (2015).Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., Embrechts, P. (2015).Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Teller, J., Kock, A., Gemnden, H. G. (2014). Risk management in project portfolios is more than managing project risks: a contingency perspective on risk management.Project Management Journal,45(4), 67-80. Williams, R. C., Walker, J. A., Dorofee, A. J. (1997). Putting risk management into practice.IEEE Software,14(3), 75. Advanced Risk and Uncertainty Management Question: Discuss about the Advanced Risk and Uncertainty Management. Answer: Introduction The construction industry is categorized as a service industry. The industry provides employment to many people and market for industries manufacturing cement, iron, steel, bricks among other material used in construction. It is among the industries that play a great role in the development of any country, considering that any country needs to develop infrastructure for it to grow economically.(construction Industry Development Council of India, 2014) Establishing a construction company Establishing a construction company needs a huge capital base which makes it be a high-risk industry. While starting construction, one needs to consider the start-up cost and think of how they can be met. Marketing your company is also another important factor that one should think of. (Li, P2017). The following are steps starting a construction company. Write a business plan Like any other business starting a construction company requires a written business plan. This acts as a guide since it includes your goals and the way these goals will be attained. It also outlines the financial plan of the business, the clients, suppliers , and way of advertising your company. Source for funds According to Li, P(2017) A written formal business plan can be used in sourcing funds from banks in case you do not have enough start-up capital. Explain why you have chosen to start the business and the opportunities that make you believe it will succeed. Consider the option that the bank may give you for instance types of loans, interest rates and the duration given to pay back the loans. Consider legal requirements for a construction company According to Beesley, C (2012) For any company to operate in the country, it requires seeking legal licensing and permits for it to operate. A construction company also requires business insurance and surety bonds. Business license and permits- most construction companies require special licensing to operate beside the general business licenses. It is important to seek for assistance inform the government departments dealing with licensing of businesses. Surety bonds- construction bond is a legal requirement for the operation of any construction company. Surety bonds serve as a cover in case the contract obligation between the company and the client were not fulfilled. The regulations governing the issuance of surety bonds varies from country to country.Insurance- the company requires different types of business insurances such as workers compensation, property and vehicle insurances among others. Come up with occupational health and safety plan It is a requirement that a contraction company should create a safe and healthy working environment for its workers to protect them from dangers posed by construction work. (Beesley, C ,2012) Purchase the required tools and equipment Tools and equipment are basic requirements for any construction company. Different construction work requires different tools and equipment and therefore considering the services you have planned to offer in your company purchase the required tools to work with. Find labour There are four sources of labour for a construction company that is employees, subcontractors, labour brokers and independent contractors. One should consider the best option among the ones given above. (Beesley, C, 2012) Advertise your new construction company The advertisement is a basic requirement for any business to grow. It is a way of creating awareness about the existence of your company. It also gives information about the services that your company offers thus connecting you with your targeted clients. Advertisement can be started in through informing people close to you about your business, and they can spread the information to others. (Li, P, 2017) Risks that face a construction company Construction companies are faced with many risks. The stakeholders in this business such as project owners, contractors, consultants, suppliers among others face different fears that come as a result of the possible risks. The risks involved in the construction company can lead to great financial losses to all stakeholders.(construction Industry Development Council of India, 2014) According to Cavignac, J (2009) below are some of the risks that face most of the construction companies. Economic fluctuations This is referred to as seasonal slowness. Economic depression can result in financial difficulties which may affect the progress of the project. This may extend the time that was planned for the completion of a given project which leads to losses. The contractor needs to be prepared in advance in order to cover the extra expenses that may be incurred during these periods. Equipment damage In the construction work, the wearing and tearing of equipment are inevitable. The equipment will need to be repaired from time to time while others need to be replaced. However, some of the equipment are too expensive to be replaced on a regular basis. Such equipment requires insurance to cover them against loss, damage or theft. Accidents at the workplace During construction, work accidents are likely to happen and may involve the workers or third parties. It is important to be aware of such hazards and take necessary steps to avoid occurrences of many accidents. General liability insurance is necessary for any construction company in order to cover the third parties who may be involved in an accident. Faulty work Sometimes the work done by a construction company may not satisfy the client. This may call for reconstruction or other legal steps which may cost the company a lot of money. The construction company must, therefore, comply with the building regulation of the country. Failure to meet deadlines Due to unpredictable reasons which may delay the completion of a project the construction company may fail to meet the deadline of the project. In case there are any inconveniences it is, therefore, advisable to keep communicating with the clients to agree on new changes that may lead to the extension of deadlines. Risk analysis models Risk analysis according to Prince2 (2005) is a guided process of controlling risk. Risk analysis helps in identifying and evaluating events that may have an impact on the project and come up with ways of controlling them. There are various models of risk analysis, but I will focus on Prince2 P-1 Grid for risk analysis model and the DREAD model. According to Czagan D, (2014)The DREAD model in full stands for; Damage potential. Exploitability Affected users Discoverability Both models rate risks from low to highest each with numerical range. Depending on the impacts that a risk may have on the business, every risk is measured and ranked between a given range of numbers, for example, the DREAD risk analysis model has a range from 1 to 15. However Prince2 P-I risk analysis model is used for quantitative risk analysis while DREAD model is used for qualitative risk analysis. In the P-I risk analysis model, the results of the assessment are presented in a graph with x and y-axis. on the x-axis, there is the probability of a risk occurring while on the y-axis there is the exposure. To assess the severity of the risk one find the product of the probability and the impact. While on the DREAD analysis model assessment results are presented in a table according to ranges example from 1-5 low, 8-11 medium, and from 12-15 high. The severity of the risk can simply be determined by checking its rating fall between which ranges. I would recommend the use of the Prince2 P-I model in a construction company since it uses numerical information which is available in construction work. This model would help in giving a more accurate and hence dependable risk analysis. Managing risk in a construction company According to Plato, A (2014), risk management is the process of identifying a risk and then making decisions on how to put the risk under control. Risk management can also be defined as a process of predicting and evaluating risks them coming up with ways to avoid the risk or reduce its effect. As a company there are a number of steps or measures that can be taken to manage risk they are as follows; Risk analysis- this is the first and most step in risk management. It helps in identifying the vulnerability of the company to a given risk. Proper risk analysis of a company can be done through the reference to its documents such as financial documents, contracts among others. Risk control- it refers to laid down plans that will help in reducing the impacts of a given risk. For instance having a well trained human resource is one way of controlling risks. Risk transfer- when the risk facing the company is too much for the company to handle on its own it is considerable to seek for risk transfer, for example, getting insurance cover to cover unforeseeable risks such as accidents. References Bansal, S (2014) , Difference between Quantitative and Qualitative Risk Analysis. Retrieved 13 may 2015: https://www.izenbridge.com/blog/differentiating-quantitative-risk-analysis-and-qualitative-risk-analysis/Beesley, C (2012), How to Start a Small Construction or General Contracting Business. U.S Small Business Administration ArticlesCavignac, J (2009) Managing Risk In a Construction Company, Construction Business Owner, Article Curtis, T (2014), Risk assessment Basics. Retrieved at: https://www.airsafe.com/risk/basics.htm -- Revised: 19 January 2014. Czgan, D (2014), Qualitative Risk Analysis with the DREAD model. Infosec Institutte Articles retrieved May 21, 2014 at: https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/qualitative-risk-analysis-dread-model/ Li, P (2017), How to Start My Own Small Construction Company. Retrieved from: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/start-own-small-construction-company-2257.html National Research Council, (2005), 4 Risk Identification and Analysis, The owners Role in Project Risk Management. Washington DC. Plato, A (2014),Communication Risk to Executive leadership. Prince2 (2005), Risk assessment model assessment .Retrieved at: https://www.stakeholdermap.com/risk/risk- Shah, N (2015), Qualitative vs. Quantitative Assessments. A journal on advisory. Sims, S (2012) Qualitative vs. Quantitative Risk Assessment, SANS Technology Institute Journal.

The First Reactor Essays - Nuclear Technology, University Of Chicago

The First Reactor The First Reactor The First Reactor chronicles the conception and implementation of the first self-sustaining nuclear pile. The booklet has three main sections to it. The first one tells of the history and background of the organizations and research that were used for the momentous experiment, as well as the actual proceedings that occurred on December 2, 1942. The second section is basically a brief synopsis of the first. The third section documents part of Enrico Fermi's life and the secrecy surrounding his work, from his wife's perspective. Years of research went into the culmination of the first self-sustaining nuclear reaction. Different preliminary experiments were done by many scientists to discover the properties and intricacies of neutron production and interaction. All leading up to the fateful day under the west stands of Stagg Field when the first successful self-sustaining reaction occurred, or as they cleverly say in the booklet, ?The Italian navigator has landed in the New World.' The secrets of the nuclear projects were closely guarded. So close in fact, that not even Enrico's own wife was allowed to know. In the section written by her, telling of her bewilderment, we get a sense of how strongly the classified information was kept from the people who didn't need to know. Science

Avatar Film Review Essay Example

Avatar Film Review Essay Example Avatar Film Review Essay Example Avatar Film Review Essay Example Avatar is a fictional film produced in America in 2009 by James Cameron and starring Zoe Saldana, Sam Worthington, Michelle Rodriguez, Stephen Lang, and Sigourney Weaver (French, 2010). It is about the human colonization of Pandora, a fictional land in the star system inhabited by ape-like beings called Navi. The environment of the place is not suitable for human life, and the interest of the colonialists was only mining mineral deposits of unobtanium. The film is significant as it depicts things that happen in the real human societies such as the scramble for Africa by the European powers that implied the invasion, occupation, colonization, and annexation of territories (Chamberlain, 2014). Avatar thus reflects on the real life situations in a number of ways. The Comparison of the Fictional Treatment of Na’vi to Real Life Cases The native inhabitants of Pandora lived in a wilderness setting, and they coexisted with their ecosystem that included a dense forest (Horwitz, 2009). The colonialists from the Earth land there with the interests of mining the unobtanium minerals, and this threatens the forest as well as the indigenous population. Just like in the film, the European powers such as Britain, Portugal, Spain, and France among others invaded Africa and destroyed forests to pave the way for mining of minerals such as copper, construction of roads and farming among other uses (Shillington, 2005). In Avatar, the colonizers send spies to gather information about the Hometree, a sacred place where the Na’vis used to pray, after discovering the possibility of the presence of mineral deposits under the tree. They later send a bulldozer to destroy the shrine and pave the way for mining (Cameron, 2010). The European colonial masters also destroyed African forests and shrines in a bid to exploit the resources of their interest (Chamberlain, 2014). The humans forcefully evict the Navis from their lands doing this is through bloodshed that led to deaths of the locals and some of their leaders. They also disregard the Navis deity by destroying the shrines and trying to change their wilderness culture and life (Cameron, 2010). However, the Navis begin to resists the human oppression, and they wage rebellions that lead to the expulsion of people from Pandora. In Africa, the European colonial masters forcefully ejected native inhabitants from their lands and confined them in reserves. They also disregarded the native religion and tried to introduce Christianity (Shillington 2005). In the film, the humans had no intentions of settlement and thus they were just interested in destroying the forests and mining the unobtanium minerals (Cameron, 2010). European colonialists in Africa, in their turn, had the intentions of displacing the natives and settling on their lands for large scale farming. These distinctions clearly differentiate the interests of the invading parties in both instances. On the one hand, in Avatar, the invasion of Pandora was purely economic because the human had the interests of mining the unobtanium minerals (Cameron, 2010). The European invasion of Africa, on the other hand, was a combination of both the economic and political purposes. Apart from mining and farming, the powers were interested in establishing the direct rule, annexing territories, and obtaining fighters to support their armies during the world wars (Chamberlain, 2010). The invasion also fuelled slave trade that saw the capturing and transportation of Africans to foreign continents as slave workers. Security Contractors Security contractors work under the incentive of making profit, and they have no moral obligation to the civilians. Due to the greed for money, they tend to promote a culture of violence as opposed to the official government militaries that work to promote peace, and they have a duty of serving the nationals in their given jurisdiction (Gomez del Prado, 2008). Unlike the military officers, private security guards work under little or no oversight and thus they tend to violate the rights of the civilians to maximize their profit gains. It was very unethical for the guards in the Avatar film to open fire on Jake and Grace, and that shows how the private officers disregard the lives of their comrades (Cameron, 2010). The private guards also tend to use excessive force against non-combatants, and this may involve indiscriminative shootings. For instance, in the Avatar film, the Resource Development authority’s private security officers killed the non-combatant Na’vis in a b id to expel them from their shrines (Cameron, 2010). Military officers, in their turn, work under regulations and thus they rarely violate the rights of civilians due to strict oversight (Gomez del Prado, 2008). Private security guards, on the one hand, operate using unidentified vehicles, and this makes it easy for them to engage in misconduct. On the other hand, the military has branded vehicles that are easy to be identified (Gomez del Prado, 2008). The governments of various jurisdictions need to regulate the private security firms to prevent them from engaging in crime as well as violating the rights of civilians in their areas of assignments (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2014). There is the need for oversight to hold the officers accountable for their actions and this could assist in taming them. Regulations are also necessary to limit the number of private security companies because their aim is not serving the public but to maximize their profits while disregarding the civilian rights (Gomez del Prado, 2008). According to United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2014), regulations are inevitable to prevent the possibility of corruption amongst the private security officers as well as their companies. Cameron’s Message on Environmental Sustainability and Corporate Greed Cameron uses the film to blame business organizations for the wanton destruction of the environment as well as the depletion of natural resources. He demonstrates a scenario in 2154 when there is an energy problem due to the exhaustion of natural resources, and this might compel the scientist to try other options, for instance, the metaphor of human beings mining unobtanium in the Pandora space that is beyond the planet earth (Horwitz, 2009). The resistance by the natives as well as the final expulsion of the human from the planet shows that most options in the projected time will not be fruitful, and this might lead to the collapse of all industries. The film is, therefore, an eye opener to corporations to be mindful of the future when they exploit the natural resources. In the movie, the invasion and the attempts to mine unobtanium on the Pandora planet threaten the forests and the lives of the natives and thus the indigenous population resists the move (Horwitz, 2009). Cameron tries to explain that the greed for resources diminishes people and has the potential to lead the investors outside the planet of Earth. The fictitious conflict between the Resources Development Authority and the Pandora is an imagery of what happens to business organizations and their host communities. In extreme situations, people directly attack the businesses or launch demonstrations against the same organizations to expel them from their land. Cameron also intended to pass the message that corporations should respect the culture of the natives of their areas of operation. The Resources Development Authority destroys the Pandora forests that houses the Na’vis shrines and this is a total disregard of the hosts’ culture, religion and their deity (Horwitz, 2009). The result is the rebellion war that leads to mysterious intervention of wild animals for the Navis, and this forces the human beings out of Pandora. This fictitious image shows that organizations must respect the hosts’ culture for them to succeed in that setting. Cameron also indirectly speaks about the corporate social responsibility that entails organizational acts of giving back to the societies in their vicinities as a sign of appreciation for their accommodating nature. The Resources Development Authority’s (RDA) action of clearing forests and destroying shrines in Pandora as well as killing the locals represents how the modern business organizations harm the host communities in various ways such as destruction of the environment and the indirect killing of people through air and water pollution among others. Just like the RDAs expulsion from Pandora, every modern industry that disregards the welfare of the host population is doomed to fail. Cameron tries to pass the message that corporate firms are to be blamed for the environmental deterioration as well as the depletion of natural resources. He visualizes an energy problem in 2154 where industries will have all the resources exhausted. He strengthens his argument through the fictitious Pandora example whereby the RDA mining activities threaten the lives of the natives as well as their eco-system. Cameron portrays the arrogance of such organizations through the RDA’s act of using force against the hosts and destroying their shrines. His message is that organizations must reverse the energy use trend as well as the exploitation of the non-fuel resources to save them for the future use. In conclusion, Avatar is a fiction film but it depicts the immorality that takes place in the real life situations. For instance, the RDAs greed of mining unobtanium in the Pandora in disregard of the environment and the welfare of the natives represent what modern industries do. The unprofessional behaviour of the security guards in the film is a replica of how modern security guards operate. Avatar bears a warning to the industrialists to take care of the host communities as well as their environment as otherwise, sooner or later, their businesses will collapse.

Writing class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writing class - Essay Example ermine the types of technical writings done by biomedical engineers and the importance of technical writing in the field, I conducted interviews over the phone; I was lucky to interview a Biomedical Engineering Technical Assistant (BETA) with a 2 months experience in the job, a Design Engineer with a working experience of 3 years, and a systems engineer who had an experience spanning over 6 years. This paper presents the various technical writings done by the professionals in the 3 different levels as well as the importance of technical writing in the field. The BETA engages in different types of writing almost on a daily basis within the work environment (2, par 1). These ranges from emails, descriptive writing of various procedures, proposals, and technical handbooks, technical guides, and reports on primary or laboratory research (2, par 2). However, the writing of research reports is more common being done almost on a daily basis. For the Design Engineer, writing of technical guides, technical handbooks, evaluation reports, feasibility reports, and recommendation reports are common. Despite the many kinds of technical reports the Design Engineer is required to produce, feasibility reports are most common at this level. The Design Engineer produces almost a feasibility report on a weekly or two-week time as may be necessitated by circumstances. The Systems Engineer primarily focuses on preparation of reports that detail standard operating procedures regarding the operation of various systems, technical specification reports, descript ive reports, user manuals, troubleshooting guides, and white papers. While writing is rare at this level, the Systems Engineer confesses that user manuals are most common, and prepared almost on a monthly basis to guide lower level employees on the use of different software. The BETA admits that while he is required to write the many reports, it is somewhat challenging considering his limited experience in the job. Though not so

Imbalance and maldistribution of physicians Essay

Imbalance and maldistribution of physicians - Essay Example The Bureau of Health Professions (1992) proffered that â€Å"the relative shortage of physicians in rural areas of the United States is 1 of the few constants in any description of the US medical care system. About 20% of the US population—more than 50 million people—live in rural areas, but only 9% of the nations physicians practice in rural communities†. The relevant findings of the study by Rosenblatt & Hart indicated that factors such as specialty choice, gender, and managed care influence the prevalence of physicians in rural areas. As stipulated, the more specialized the physicians are, the more likely that they will settle in urban areas. Likewise, the increase in the number of women in the medical profession reveals preferences of practicing in urban areas than in rural areas. Finally, the effect of managed care to physician imbalance and maldistribution is clearly explained by Rosenblatt & Hart (2000, 1), to wit: â€Å"managed care is a 2-edged sword, both with regard to geographic maldistribution and rural medical underservice. Managed care networks have the potential to provide organizational vehicles for hiring and deploying physicians in areas that could not support independent physicians on their own†. With the disparity, the health care industry must seek ways and means to address this dilemma to enable all Ameri cans to avail of professional health care services on an equal

Tnt Is The Market Leader Marketing Essay

Tnt Is The Market Leader Marketing Essay Introduction TNT is the market leader in the provision of business-to-business (B2B) express delivery services. It delivers documents, parcels and freight securely between businesses, using road or air transport. Ken Thomas founded TNT in Australia in 1946 with a single truck. It became Thomas Nationwide Transport (TNT) in 1958 and TNT Express Services UK in 1978. Today TNT is a global company and serves customers in over 200 countries around the world, employing 10,000 people in the UK. TNT has two operating divisions in the UK. As a global company, TNT seeks to project a consistent image across the world. For example, it uses the global strapline Sure we can on all its vehicles, aircraft and communications material. Back ground TNT N.V. was an international express and mail delivery services company with headquarters in Hoofddorp, Netherlands. In the Netherlands, TNT operated the national postal service under the name TNT Post. The group also offered postal services in eight other European countries, including the UK, Germany, Italy and Belgium. TNTs mail division recorded sales of about â‚ ¬4.2 billion in 2009. The companys demerged express delivery services division, known as TNT Express, has fully owned operations in 65 countries and delivers documents, parcels and pieces of freight to over 200 countries. TNT Express recorded sales of about â‚ ¬7.2 billion in 2011. On 2 August 2010, TNT M.V. announced its intention to split up into two independent companies, an express and a mail company. TNT sold its logistics unit in 2006 to focus on network activities, mail and express delivery services. TNTs networks were concentrated in Europe and Asia, but the group also had operations in the Middle East and South America, and several road freight companies in China, India and Brazil. TNT employed 155,000 people. Over 2009, TNT reported â‚ ¬10.4 billion in revenues and an operating income of â‚ ¬648 million. TNT was officially quoted on the Euronext Amsterdam Stock Exchange unit May 2011. Its major competitors included FedEx, DHL, and national post carriers such as US Postal Service and Royal Mail. TNTs last chief executive officer was Peter Bakker. Other members of the Board of Management included Bernard Bot (Chief Financial Officer), Marie- Christine Lombard (Group Managing Director, Express) and Harry Koorstra (Group Managing Director, Mail). Mission, aims and objectives TNT is the fastest and most reliable provider of express delivery services and is the European market leader. Organizations do not become market leaders by chance. It takes vision, careful planning, outstanding quality and a committed, highly trained staff. This organization-wide planning is known as business strategy. Organizations identify the goals that they want to achieve through: a mission aims clearly stated objectives. Mission A business mission is a statement that reflects its core purpose and principle business aims. It states what the business is, what it does and where it is heading. Employees and other stakeholders who have an interest in the organizations activities need to be able to understand the mission easily. TNTs mission is to: Exceed customers expectations in the transfer of their goods and documents around the world, Deliver value to our customers by providing the most reliable and efficient solutions through delivery networks, Seek to lead the industry by instilling pride in our people, creating value for our stakeholders and sharing responsibility around the world. Aims and objectives The aims supporting this mission focus on efficiently transferring goods and documents, providing customer satisfaction and behaving responsibly. To achieve these aims the organization needs to establish objectives at a number of levels. SMART objectives are designed to ensure that everyone understands what is required and by when. They make it easy to measure performance so that the business knows if and when its aims have been achieved. Where necessary, it can change its plans to overcome any problems or obstacles. Specific exactly what is to happen Measurable by quantity or proportion Achievable capable of being achieved within available resources Relevant to the overall business or corporate objectives Time-related with a deadline attached Measurable objectives cover every aspect of TNTs operations and service. The top-level objective is to achieve profitable growth. Examples of SMART objectives across the business that contribute to this include: Answer 85% of calls from customers within ten seconds. This objective fits with the mission to provide the most reliable and efficient solutions for customers. TNTs customer focus is one of the key ways in which it aims to differentiate itself from competitors. To improve TNTs carbon efficiency by 45% by 2020 (measured against the 2007 baseline). This example of a longer-term objective reflects TNTs aim to reduce the environmental impact of its business. Building a strategy Business strategies are the means by which businesses achieve objectives. They usually take the form of long-term plans relating to the chosen markets, products and environment. A competitive strategy can be based on: having a distinctive position in the market. TNTs market position is based on differentiating itself from rivals through its speed, reliability and provision of services of the highest standard. building core strengths (known as core competencies). TNTs strengths are based on attracting and developing high-caliber staff who are able to exceed customer expectations so that customers remain loyal to the business. TNTs strategies need to take into account a number of important areas. These include: what goods and services to produce, e.g. an integrated delivery service which territories will deliver best return on investment. TNTs international operations focus on key trading areas of Europe, Asia, North America and South America. how to build a competitive advantage, e.g. by providing the most reliable, customer-focused services. Tactics Businesses deliver their strategies through a series of tactics. TNTs practical measures are set out under three main headings Operational Excellence, Customer Relationship Management and Innovation. The map describes the journey that TNT is taking towards achieving the long-term aims. For example: The map shows that Operational Excellence will be achieved through a solid foundation of fast, reliable and quality services. From there, the Customer Relationship is improved by understanding what different customers want. This builds a stronger allegiance and loyalty. Innovation is about anticipating the future needs of TNT customers. Through stronger relationships the business can develop a joint approach and shared vision. TNT segments its customers according to their requirements. For example, some customers provide the company with one off requests. Others are major accounts regularly placing large orders. TNT responds to the needs of each of these customer groups in different ways and hopes for loyalty in return. The market is highly competitive and it is more cost-effective to keep repeat business than to generate new customers. Strategic direction and strategic gaps TNT has high-quality people working within the organization in many different roles. These range from the front-line distribution of parcels and documents to accounts, sales and marketing functions. However, in places, TNT may require additional skills to bridge the gap between its existing human resources and those required to implement the strategy fully. This is referred to as a strategic gap. By developing its people, TNT ensures that it will have the capability to meet and implement quickly any necessary changes in its strategy. TNT is committed to minimizing the environmental effects of its operations and conducting its business in a sustainable way. For example, it recognized the value the business could gain from making drivers more aware of methods of driving which would improve safety and efficiency. Drivers are therefore trained in SAFED (safe and fuel- efficient driving) techniques, earning certificates of competence. Conclusion Creating and delivering an effective business strategy involves: having clear aims and objectives building a competitive advantage by developing core competences Identifying gaps and seeking to close these through development of resources. TNT demonstrates good practice in each of these areas. The company has clear business aims and objectives that are time-related. It focuses on developing competitive advantage through its strategies for customers, innovation and its people. TNT ensures that the people working for the business have adequate opportunities to grow. It meets any gaps in the ability of the workforce to deliver its strategy by training and developing its existing people. This retains their skills and offers attractive career opportunities to recruit new talent. Recommendation TNT should start a new service to pick goods from customer place that will give a competitive advantage over competitors. More sub offices should be open for the ease of customers and for better communication within company. On delivery of goods at destination confirmation message service should be started via e-mail or messaging. Questions What kinds of data can TNT use to build a phylogenetic tree? What is the growth rate of TNT in 20th century? How does TNT become world widely recognized company? What is the company position in the market?

Environmental Problems in Bangkok :: Papers

Environmental Problems in Bangkok Air pollution Traffic is one of the most important causes of air pollution in Bangkok. Bangkok traffic was said to create high level of dust particles, and Carbon Monoxide. BMTA buses, trucks and smaller transport vans were frequently stopped for on-the-road checking. The rapid growth of Bangkok has severely stained its facilities and led to a number of serious problems. The city now has over a million registered motor vehicles and because of the limited road surface, traffic congestion is heavy in central areas. Many spots have been declared that air quality were seriously sub-standard. There has been continuing monitoring of air quality at several places with recorded high level traffic jam. Water Pollution According to several studies, there are three main sources of pollutants in the Chao Phraya River and its tributaries, and the city canals. These are factories, households and restaurants. Although large factories are required to install water treatment facilities in order to obtain their annual operating permits from the Department of Industrial Works (DIW), this does not apply to many medium and small plants. The existing household water treatment capacity serves about only two percent of Bangkok's population. The wastewater of most households is discharged into canals and then drained into the river. The six most polluted canals share over 54 percent of total domestic pollution loads discharged into the Chao Phraya River. Domestic sources account for about 75 percent of the pollution in Chao Phraya River, while factories account for remaining 25 percent. Noise Pollution It was noted that noise levels measured by the National Environmental Board were well above the internationally accepted level of However, Solutions ========= Ø The Bangkok government could reduce the amount of air pollution by reducing the number of cars on the roads Ø Installing new sewage systems Ø Directing the industrial waste away from the rivers Ø Enforcing water waste regulations on all business no matter what size

Phd Comprehensive Exam. in Leadership

Comprehensive Examination Written Responses Presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by George E. Anderson III Leadership School of Business and Technology Capella University QUESTION 1 The mixed method has recently become a popular method of research. Analyze and compare the mixed method, qualitative and quantitative research methods. Evaluate the effectiveness of each as a valid method of research on models of military leadership. IntroductionThe sociological effects discussed by Kuhn (1996) as to the institutionalization of knowledge paradigms, may account for the fact there is a great deal of concurrence as to the nature of both qualitative and quantitative research methods. There seems to be almost universal agreement as to the epistemological and theoretical roots of each methodology. There is however, substantial disagreement as to the appropriateness of one methodology over the other. â€Å"The researcher’s view of reali ty is the cornerstone to all other assumptions, that is, what is assumed here predicates the researcher’s other assumptions† (Holden & Lynch, 2004).Both quantitative and qualitative methodological purists â€Å"view their paradigms as the ideal for research† (Johnson & Onwuegbuzie, 2004). While making the case for their chosen style of research, many quantitative and qualitative researchers both implicitly and explicitly argue the inadequacy of research paradigms other than their own. Quantitative research methodology starts with an objectivist epistemological assumption and logically moves through the theoretical perspective of positivism. A ositivistic quantitative researcher believes that in the universe â€Å"things exist as meaningful entities independently of consciousness and experience† (Crotty, 1998, p. 5). The world view of an objectivist â€Å"revolves around the ontological assumption that the social world external, to individual cognition is a real world made up of hard, tangible and relatively immutable structures. In other words, the social world exists independently of an individual’s appreciation of it†(Burrell and Morgan, 1979).In contrast, the qualitative research methodology flows from the epistemologies of constructionism and subjectivism, and the interpretive or transformative theoretical perspectives. For the epistemology of subjectivity â€Å"the social world external to individual cognition is made up of nothing more than names, concepts and labels which are used as artificial creations, whose utility is based upon their convenience as tools for describing, making sense of, and negotiating the external world†(Burrell and Morgan, 1979).For a qualitative researcher â€Å"human behavior depends on how individuals interpret the conditions in which they find themselves† and â€Å"social reality is regarded as the product of processes by which social actors negotiate the meanings for ac tions and situations† (Blaikie, 1991). â€Å"Meaning is not discovered, but constructed†¦. different people may construct meaning in different ways† (Crotty, 1998). The differences in â€Å"the underlying assumptions of the quantitative and qualitative paradigms result in differences which extend beyond philosophical and methodological debates† (Sale, Lohfeld, & Brazil, 2002). Quantitative ResearchQuantitative Research: Defined Initially, quantitative sociological research methodology was developed as an extension of existing scientific research into the nature of the universe. â€Å"The purpose of research is to discover answers to question through the application of scientific procedures† (Baker, 2001). Chemistry, astronomy, mathematics and geology are all objective, quantitative sciences which are governed by the rules of inquiry known as the scientific method. Likewise for the social objectivists researcher, â€Å"human activity is understood as observable behavior taking place in observable, material circumstances† (Blaikie, 1991).Social objectivists draw their research techniques from the â€Å"hard† sciences and attempt to follow a comparable scientific methodology . â€Å"The major goal of objectivists is aligned with that of the natural scientists – they identify causal explanations and fundamental laws that explain regularities in human social behavior† (Holden & Lynch, 2004). â€Å"Logical positivism uses quantitative and experimental methods to test hypothetical deductive generalizations† (Karami, Rowley, & Analoui, 2006). Social â€Å"science is characterized by empirical research; all phenomena can be reduced to empirical indicators which represent the truth† (Sale et al. 2002). â€Å"positivistic research assumes†¦ social reality is a complex of causal relations between objects and causes of human behavior which are external to the individual† (Schulenberg, 200 7). Einstein discovered the laws of the universe. The attempt by objectivists to discover the laws human social interactions logically follows. Quantitative Research Techniques â€Å"Research methodology is influenced by the logic of experimental designs derived largely from biological science† (Lee, 1992).For a researcher in the hard sciences to validly study any phenomenon, the researcher must be detached and separate from the phenomenon being studied. Hard scientists believe that if the researcher interferes with the phenomenon in any way the value of the study is reduced or negated. Social â€Å"objectivists perceive that their studies can be (and of necessity need be) done independently of what is being observed and that their interests, values, beliefs, etc. will have no influence on what they study or what methods they use† (Holden & Lynch, 2004).It is the belief of the positivist school that for a quantitative social researcher to validly study any phenomenon, the researcher must likewise be emotionally and intellectually detached from the objects of their study and the methods of their study. Their conclusions must not be influenced by interference or prejudice. The view that â€Å"quantitative research is usually confined to filling in questionnaires, paper & pencil-style or administered on line† (Koller, 2008) is not entirely correct. Quantitative researchers utilize three basic designs; observation, experimentation and survey. Baker, 2001) Observation is usually the first step in the scientific method. It is not simple viewing rather â€Å"observation consists of the systematic gathering, recording and analysis of data† (Baker, 2001). Experimental research design is â€Å"usually undertaken to determine if there is a causal relationship between the variables under investigation† (Baker, 2001). However, in social research there are serious questions as to any experimental construct. Has the experiment, by its very structure, destroyed the objectivity so prized by quantitative researchers and introduced statistical bias which would limit its value?Is the experimental design within an ethical and moral frame which has been approved by an Institutional Review Board (IRB). Survey research is perhaps the most common quantitative research method. The overall technique is divided into three subsets; factual, opinion and interpretive. Factual surveys are concerned with securing hard, quantitative data. For example, determining the median age of a population might be achieved through a simple survey asking individuals their date of birth.Opinion surveys are to acquire hard data on respondents’ views upon the topic at hand, for example asking members of the sample if they approve or disapprove of a proposed bill before congress. â€Å"Interpretive surveys are used in circumstances where the respondent is asked to explain why they hold particular beliefs or behave in a particular way† (Bak er, 2001). The principal advantage of the survey method is its ability to sample a population and from that sample to be able to draw statistically viable inferences for the entire population from the results. (Dale, 2006) Many surveys use techniques to reduce data collection costs.Such techniques run the risk of introducing statistical errors resulting in erroneous conclusions. â€Å"If sampling errors are not corrected, results may appear to reach statistical significance level when in fact they do not† (Dale, 2006). Further, a survey instrument is constructed by people and â€Å"because of the subjectivity built into its development, any interpretations of the scores yielded cannot be 100% objective† (A. Onwuegbuzie & Leech, 2005). The introduction of bias can be unconscious or deliberate. Examples of deliberately engineered survey results can often be found within political opinion research.Questions such as; â€Å"Do you agree with the President’s irrespon sible and highly risky course of action or would you support our safe and reasonable approach to the question? † will almost always result in a predictable but inappropriate response. Finally, although the positivist quantitative researcher applies the best techniques of the â€Å"hard† science community, they are still dealing with people and not inanimate objects. It is â€Å"difficult, if not impossible, for the social scientist to predict outcomes with the same accuracy and reliability as the pure scientist† (Baker, 2001).The results achieved by quantitative social scientists will not be totally consistent, because people are not totally consistent. Qualitative Research: Defined The qualitative research method is used by social researchers which view reality not in the hard terms of the physical sciences, but rather as subjective intellectual constructs perceived by individuals. The battle flag carried by the armies of the Confederate States of America is fam iliar to many people; however the symbolic meaning of the flag is intuited entirely differently depending upon the perspective of the individual viewing it.For one individual it represents repression and misery, for another individual the same cloth represents nobility and courage. Qualitative research develops a rich, deep holistic understanding of the event studied. It is particularly useful in sorting and screening ideas, investigating complex behavior, developing explanatory models, and defining unfilled needs. (Baker, 2001) â€Å"The purposes of qualitative research are broad in scope and centered around promoting a deep and holistic or complex understanding of a particular phenomenon, such as an environment, a process or a belief† (Gay, Mills, & Airasian, 2006, p. 99) For the qualitative researcher, reality is subjective. â€Å"Subjectivists.. argue that researchers cannot distance themselves from: (1) what is being observed, (2) the study’s subject matter, or ( 3) the methods of study† (Holden & Lynch, 2004). â€Å"research is based on the fundamental assumption that there is more than one reality due to a process of interpretation whereby the social actors negotiate meaning and understanding† (Schulenberg, 2007). In contrast to the positivist perception of reality, for the qualitative researcher, each individual perceives their environment differently and each perception is equally valid.To discover facts about any social interaction, the qualitative researcher must â€Å"share† the experience being studied. They must not be aloof, but rather they must inject themselves into the research so they can fully understand the experiences of the subjects. The â€Å"phenomenological approach uses qualitative and naturalistic approaches to inductively and holistically understand human experience† (Karami et al. , 2006). â€Å"the qualitative paradigm is based on interpretivism and constructivism†¦ there are multipl e realities or multiple truths based on one’s construction of reality† (Sale et al. , 2002).It is â€Å"extremely useful for obtaining insights into regular or problematic experiences and the meaning attached to these experiences of selected individuals† (Leech & Onwuegbuzie, 2007). Qualitative Research: Methodologies Qualitative research can be done in a variety of ways, including participation in the setting, direct observation, focus groups, in depth interviews and analysis of existing documents and materials. What is key is that for the qualitative researcher, â€Å"The process of data collection involves a dynamic interaction between the researcher and the participant in context under investigation† (Gerdes & Conn, 2001). The analytical process involves an interactive, creative and intuitive examination of the data, all in the search for patterns, themes, or emerging insights, each unfurling form the research process and grounded in the data† (G erdes & Conn, 2001). However, by whatever the means a qualitative research study is conducted, the â€Å"findings, interpretations, and conclusions should be assessed for truth value, applicability, consistency, neutrality, dependability, credibility, confirmability, transferability, generalizability or the like† (A.J. Onwuegbuzie & Leech, 2007). The collected qualitative data are â€Å"disassembled, then reassembled to find uniqueness’s in pattern or principle of process or behavior† (Gerdes & Conn, 2001). Although, the importance of validity is principal among quantitative researchers, â€Å"this concept has been an issue of contention among qualitative researchers† (Leech & Onwuegbuzie, 2007). Many qualitative researchers see validity not as a statistical test but as being inherent in individual perception.Especially for researchers who move from a transformative philosophy, the importance of qualitative methods is that they â€Å"can serve as an impe tus for cultural change as the method explores dynamic systems and processes often unrevealed through traditional studies† (Gerdes & Conn, 2001). A prime example of such a study was the memoir Black Like Me by journalist John Howard Griffin first published in 1961. It recounted the trials of an African American male during the late 1950s in the American South. The work contributed significantly to increased ocial awareness and was a prime literary work supporting the American Civil Rights Movement. Quantitative and Qualitative Methodologies Contrasted Quantitative and qualitative methodologies spring from very different roots and they have very different qualities. â€Å"each type of research operates with a different conception of reality† (Schulenberg, 2007). However, â€Å"many of the differences that are perceived to prevail between quantitative and qualitative research stem from the misconceptions and miss-claims of proponents of both camps† (A. Onwuegbuzie & Leech, 2005).Accusations by qualitative researchers that quantitative research cannot attach meaning to social reality often are met by accusations from quantitative researchers that qualitative research dismisses the concept that social reality might be within an immutable reality. Quantitative researchers maintain that there are real causes of social outcomes that through scientific investigation can be discovered with statistical certainty. Qualitative researchers believe that it is only through human perception and interactions that one can achieve a full understanding of any phenomenon being investigated.A qualitative researcher â€Å"challenges the objectivist view on the fundamental issue of whether or not human being can ever achieve any form of knowledge that is independent of their own subjective construction† (Lee, 1992). For example, a quantitative researcher may ask a survey participant who had not eaten for several days the question â€Å"On a scale of one to five with one being the lowest and five being the highest, how hungry are you now? † Such inquiry, when applied to a statistically significant sample will lead to a statistically valid number.But perhaps not a real understanding of what that number actually means. The qualitative researcher would not necessarily ask an individual who had not eaten for several days, â€Å"How hungry are you? † rather the qualitative, experiential researcher might stop eating for an equivalent period of time and then record feelings not just of hunger but also of weakness and mental depression. In our example, the purist quantitative researcher would point out; the work done by the qualitative researcher was totally subjective and lacked any statistical validity.The purist qualitative researcher would point out; the cold statistics of the quantitative research results might be statistically valid, but they are meaningless to individual humans. Ultimately, â€Å"any research method chose n will have inherent flaws, and the choice of that method will limit the conclusion that can be drawn† (Scandura & Williams, 2000). A quantitative researcher would challenge the experiential standard of many qualitative researchers and their claim of reality being created from individual perceptions.If you stand in the path of a flying bullet, it does not matter what your perception of that bullet maybe, are about to be hurt. The experience of being shot is not required. Quantitative and Qualitative Methodologies Compared There are substantial differences between the quantitative and qualitative approaches to methodology; however there are also significant similarities. Each style attempts to further understanding of the human experience and this search for understanding leads to the examination of a wide range of phenomena; including experiences, attitudes and culture. The paradigms are essentially epistemic, and thus focus on matters that do not impinge on the collection and analysis of data† (Scott, 2007). â€Å"Both quantitative and qualitative procedures involve the use of observations to address research questions† (A. Onwuegbuzie & Leech, 2005). Both approaches use empirical observations. They â€Å"describe their data, construct explanatory arguments from their data, and speculate about why the outcomes they observed happened as they did† Sechrest and Sidani (1995). They are bound by their Institutional Review Boards (IRB).Their obligation to first and foremost â€Å"do no harm† drives them equally to incorporate safeguards for their subjects. Finally, legitimate researchers from both schools attempt to build in procedural safeguards to minimize bias and other influences which denigrate the validity of their study. â€Å"both quantitative and qualitative investigators utilize techniques to verify their data† (A. Onwuegbuzie & Leech, 2005). Ultimately, within both approaches to research â€Å"meaning results from the interpretation of data, whether represented by numbers or by words† (A. Onwuegbuzie & Leech, 2005).That interpretation in itself is universal and a major limiting factor. Mixed Methodology – Quantitative and Qualitative Methodologies Synthesized The debate between quantitative and qualitative is divisive and counterproductive. â€Å"The quantitative versus qualitative contest has often been so divisive that many social and behavioral science students†¦are left with the impression that they have to pledge allegiance to one research school of thought or the other† (A. Onwuegbuzie & Leech, 2005). A myopic devotion to a particular school of research has limited the advancement of the social and behavioral sciences.The proponents of mixed methodology point out that while both quantitative research and qualitative research share similarities, at the same time they both have significant limitations and conflicts in their assumptions. Such considerations gave r ise to the pragmatist school of research. â€Å"Pragmatists embrace both approaches and reject the assumptions contained in the post-positivism and constructivism dichotomy† (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2003). A quantitative approach might be more appropriate when used to address one issue and a qualitative approach might be more appropriate when addressing an alternative issue.Pragmatists believed in â€Å"the existence of both subjective and objective points of view. Asserting that research is influenced by theory/hypothesis and by observations, facts and evidence, pragmatists utilized both inductive and deductive logic, choosing explanations that best produced desired outcomes† (A. J. Onwuegbuzie, 2000). â€Å"If all that matter is that scientists go about their business†¦using methods appropriate to the problems they have to deal with, then philosophical worries about ontology and epistemology are an irrelevance† (Hughes & Sharrock,1997).Naval navigators, or naval pilots, for centuries had difficulty determining their exact location on the water. The identification of a landmark on the shore provided a point of reference was usually sufficient but of limited value in the shifting vastness of the ocean. When it became important to precisely locate a ships position, a single point of reference was simply inadequate and sightings of multiple reference points on the shore were added to the calculation so the position of the ship could be triangulated.The more points of reference a naval pilot used to confirm their position, the more confident they could be of having a precise reading. The concept of triangulation in research was taken from those piloting procedures. In physical research variables can be controlled with some accuracy and replication of a quantitative research can yield a high level of validity as to the results. Two parts oxygen added to one part hydrogen has always made water and one can reasonably expect that formula to co ntinue working.In social science simply replicating an experiment using the same methodology is inadequate to provide a high level of confidence in the findings. There are simply too many uncontrollable variables in social science. Americans perception of Arab terrorists was different on the tenth of September 2001 than it was on the twelfth of September 2001. Mixed methodology first appeared within the concept of research triangulation, or the utilization of separate methodologies within the same study to increase or confirm the understanding of the question being investigated. Increased triangulation should improve the ability of researchers to draw conclusions from their studies† (Scandura & Williams, 2000). â€Å"Mixed Methodology strategies are really refined forms of triangulating strategies with one or more added assumptions† (S. Miller & Gatta, 2006). â€Å"The underlying logic of mixed methodology appears to be the belief that systematic multiple ways of looki ng at a phenomenon can yield deeper insights than if the phenomenon were looked at using what is referred to as a monostrand (single) approach† (S.Miller & Gatta, 2006). Any researcher is looking to understand the subject matter at hand and if â€Å"truth is a normative concept, like good. Truth is what works† (Sale et al. , 2002). Then instead of arguing the virtues of one methodology over another, the logical next step would be to take the best from each style, forming mixed methodology, which â€Å"combine(s) qualitative and quantitative methods in a single study is (now) widely practiced and accepted in many areas† (Sale et al. , 2002).Medical researchers have provide two reasons for combining qualitative and quantitative approaches; â€Å"The first is to achieve cross-validation or triangulation-combining two or more theories or sources of data to study the same phenomenon in order to gain a more complete understanding of it. The second is to achieve comple mentary results by using the strengths of one method to enhance the other† (Sale et al. , 2002). Psychology â€Å"researchers were approximately twice as likely to use mixed-methods sampling designs that were sequential than concurrent† (Collins, Onwuegbuzie, & Jiao, 2006). Methodologies of Military Leadership ResearchThe study of military leadership represents a unique set of challenges when compared to studying corporate or educational leadership. Because of the truly deadly nature of their business, the autocratic hierarchical organizational nature, and the contractual nature of the employment sociological studies of military leadership pose special challenges. Driven by the fundamental deadly nature of the military enterprise military leadership is autocratic and hierarchical. In any army, one’s immediate supervisor has almost total control and the failure to obey direction can result in severe consequences included imprisonment.Employment within the military is highly contractual. There is little or no freedom of employment. Once a contract is in place, the individual will serve out their time obligation or face serious consequences. Because of these factors, the requirements placed on civilian leaders are significantly different than those placed upon military officers. Only in first line positions does the term â€Å"leader† apply to military officers. A lieutenant maybe a platoon leader but higher ranking officers are commanders. Overall, military officers tend to consider themselves to be much more managers than they consider themselves to be leaders.That said, the study of leadership within the military has taken many forms. Depending upon the inclinations of the researcher and the specific question at hand, quantitative, qualitative and mixed methodologies have all been used at various times. Military Leadership Research: A Sampling A common form of military leadership research is through the qualitative analyses of histor ic data in histories or biographies. (Simonton, 2003) By comparing various leadership techniques used by a variety of successful military commanders qualitative conclusions may be drawn.Such studies avoid the potential embarrassment of having the researcher draw the â€Å"wrong† conclusions about current military leadership. Luke McCormick and David Mellor in their study â€Å"The role of personality in leadership: An application of the five-factor model in the Australian military†(2002) utilized a mixed methodology by cross referencing a quantitative personality inventory taken by ninety-nine junior Australian commissioned officers with the qualitative efficiency assessment reports given by their superiors. The goal was to develop a personality profile optimizing pre-assessment of a successful military career. The relationship between gender role stereotypes and requisite military leadership characteristics† by Lisa A. Boyce and Ann M. Herd (2003) is a highly ex periential and interpreted qualitative work. Moving from what appears to be a transformative philosophical position, the authors provided a group of volunteers from the US Air Force Academy opinion surveys the researchers analyzed. The sample was â€Å"balanced† and the study’s conclusions were tragically predictable. (I suspect as an old soldier, my conclusions on this work were also tragically predictable. ) Paul Bartone et. l. (2002) conducted a quantitative longitudinal study on a large body of students over a four year period with multiple regression procedures to identify which aspects of a student’s personality could be used to successfully predict a particular students success within the Corps of Cadets at West Point. Over 1000 cadets were studied over a four year period of time. The study revealed a gender affect with females scoring higher than males. Motivation to Lead: Research on the motives for undertaking leadership roles in the Israel Defense For ces (IDF) by Amit, et. l. (2007) was a mixed methodology study cross referencing the author’s quantitative â€Å"Motivation to Lead† (MTL) instrument with the qualitative leadership assessment of 420 Israeli soldiers. The MTL instrument was administered to 420 soldiers upon completion of basic training and compared to their individual assessments from that period. The study of military leadership can take many forms; quantitative, qualitative or mixed methodology. The form of the research is determined by the researcher’s epistemological and theoretical perspectives.Each study has the opportunity of providing significant contributions. At the same time, each study contends with the limitations imposed by its particular approach. Is there then the ability to select a specific style of research which might be most applicable to the study of military leadership? This student would have to conclude that there is not. Taken from a simply pragmatist point of view, mil itaries are highly complex social structures and to be effective a wise researcher selects an appropriate methodology to most effectively investigate the issue at hand.QUESTION_2: Charan, Drotter, and Noel (2001) posit â€Å"there is a particular gestalt to leadership. † Leadership style is an element of this gestalt. Transformational and transactional leadership styles have been portrayed in the literature as both oppositional and complimentary leadership styles (Bass, 1985). Identify the distinctions between transformational and transactional leadership styles. Analyze the relevant scholarly literature and cite examples illustrating the influence of these leadership styles. Transactional and Transformational Leadership DefinedThe study of transformational and transactional leadership styles has dominated the last quarter of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. Dr. J. M. Burns (1978) was the first to conceptualize transformational leadership. However, shor tly thereafter through numerous books and articles, Dr. Bernard Bass became recognized as the major proponent of the transformational leadership concept. Transactional leadership is the older of the two conceptualizations and stems from the early work on Scientific Management (Taylor, 1911). Transformational Leadership Bass’s (1985) conceptualization of leadership initially included seven leadership factors, which he initially labeled charisma, inspirational, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, contingent reward, management by exception and laissez-faire leadership† (Avolio & Bass, 1999). Bass later exchanged the term â€Å"charisma† for the term â€Å"idealized influence† for semantic reasons. When compared to traditional leadership theories, which emphasized rational processes; the study of transformational leadership emphasizes emotions and values. Yukl, 1999) Of the seven total leadership factors Bass conceptualized, there were four which applied specifically to transformational leadership. Those four leadership components were idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individual consideration. Idealized influence (originally charisma) implies that followers respect, admire and trust the leader, emulate their behavior, assume their values, are committed to achieving the leaders vision and make personal sacrifices towards that goal.This dedication stems from three major sources; the leader being moral and ethical, the leader’s dedication to the organization and the people within the organization, and the leader’s confidence in the competence of the people within the organization to successfully accomplish the organizational vision. It is the emotional connection between the leader and the followers of the organization. Perceptions of the transformational leader are at least as important as the actual actions of the transformational leader.The power of a transforma tional leader â€Å"is, at least in part, an attribution based on the perceptions of a leader’s behaviors† (Feinberg, Ostroff, & Burke, 2005). â€Å"Based on the leader’s behaviors, followers will form some consensual attribution about the leader† (Feinberg et al. , 2005). It is in such a way that transformational leaders can enhance collective efficacy by providing â€Å"emotional and ideological explanations that link followers’ individual identities to the collective identity of their organization† (Walumbwa, Peng, Lawler, & Kan, 2004).A transformative leader has a gift for seeing what is emotionally important to their followers. â€Å"Transformational leaders rely on empathy to understand followers’ thoughts, feelings, and points of view† (Barbuto & Burbach, 2006). The leader communicates on an emotional level, as well as an intellectual level, exuding confidence and stimulating similar feelings in their followers. Through this emotional connection the transformational leader gains their followers commitment to a shared organizational vision. A transformational leader’s moral and ethical behavior is a major key to their connection with their followers.It is about doing the right thing not simply avoiding doing the wrong thing. Of all the attributes of a transformative leader, perceived integrity is perhaps the single most important element of their success. â€Å"Leader integrity correlated most strongly with rater satisfaction and rater perceptions of leadership effectiveness† (Parry & Proctor-Thomson, 2002). The importance of leadership integrity can perhaps be illustrated by the rapid decline of the Rev. James Baker and his wife Tammy Fay Baker. At one point, the Rev. Baker was the head of a highly successful television evangelical Christian Ministry.The ministry had a huge following and significant fund raising capability. Upon the announcement that the Rev. Baker was being charged w ith the embezzlement of millions of dollars, the news quickly spread and the ministry quickly folded. His image of moral integrity had disappeared. Inspirational motivation refers to the leader’s enthusiasm and optimism in creating a vision of the future. A transformative leader uses the emotional connection they have developed with their followers to transmit excitement and confidence. For the followers, the vision is clear, exciting and achievable.At the beginning of the Second World War, the British Cabinet debated surrender to Germany. The only man who voted to continue fighting was Winston Churchill. He offered the British people nothing but â€Å"Blood, sweat, toil and tears†. He promised that if the British Empire lasted another thousand years, this would be Brittan’s â€Å"Finest Hour†. He instilled a clear, exciting and achievable vision of the future. A transformative leader attempts to intellectually stimulate each follower. The leader encourag es followers to think in new ways and emphasizes problem solving.They allow latitude in action and encourage the use of reasoning before taking action. â€Å"Leaders create situational contexts and conditions in which followers engage in creative efforts to accomplish their goals† (D. I. Jung, 2000). They understand that to optimize organizational health and growth, the talents of each member must be optimized. Overly formalized organizational structures which place the emphasis upon member seniority over member talent are at risk of atrophy. In a free market society, such organizations soon fail.The transformative leader provides individualized consideration to all members of the organization. They delegate projects so as to create individual learning experiences for their followers. Then they provide coaching and developmental counseling with the ultimate goal of personnel development. They treat each follower as an individual and attempt to be responsive to their individua l goals and aspirations. â€Å"Leaders pay attention to each individual’s need for achievement and growth by acting as a coach or mentor† (Boerner, Eisenbeiss, & Griesser, 2007). The transforming leader looks for potential motives in followers, seeks to satisfy higher needs, and engages the full person of the follower. The result of transforming leadership is the relationship of mutual stimulation and elevation that converts followers into leaders and may convert leaders into moral agents† (Burns, 1978). The effective transactional leader is described as a leader who can identify the expectations of his or her followers and can respond to them fully so as to satisfy them by establishing a close link between effort and reward (D. I.Jung, 2000). The result of the emotional, intellectual and caring approach exhibited by the transformational leader is that they connect with their followers. â€Å"Interpersonal skill was positively correlated with most factors of tra nsformational leadership, suggesting that interpersonal skill was an influential component in the development of transformational leadership style† (Hayashi & Ewert, 2006). It is that connection which gives them the power to motivate. The transformative leader â€Å"motivates followers to do more than originally expected† (B. M. Bass, 1985).No matter what way the transformational leader chooses to implement their leadership, the â€Å"followers of transformational leaders demonstrate high levels of job satisfaction and commitment, and less withdrawal intentions† (Walumbwa et al. , 2004). â€Å"Transformational leaders are able to influence their followers by connecting followers’ self-concept to the mission of the group† (Walumbwa et al. , 2004). Transformative leaders are pro-actively engaged within their organization. They feel empowered; because they believe that they can influence their environment. (Barbuto & Burbach, 2006).Transformative leade rs believe they can make a difference and they can. Transformational leadership is a predictor of collective efficacy and plays an important role in the achievement of organizational goals. â€Å"Studies have consistently revealed that transformational leadership is positively related to work outcomes† (Walumbwa et al. , 2004). Statistically, people simply work better when they believe in what they are working for. Studies â€Å"have consistently shown stronger relationships to effectiveness outcomes for transformational as compared to transactional leadership† (Seltzer & Bass, 1990).Transactional Leadership In contrast to transformational leaders who attempt to connect with their followers on an emotional level and inspire them with a vision of the future, â€Å"transactional leaders cater to their followers’ immediate self-interests† (B. M. Bass, 1999b). Transactional leadership at the core involves a simple social exchange process where the leader clar ifies what the followers need to do as their part of a transaction and then compensates them for their effort. Transactional leadership tends to be based on an exchange process whereby followers are rewarded for accomplishing specific goals† (D. I. Jung, 2000). Attempts by subordinates to go beyond their assigned task are generally not welcome. Followers are not expected or motivated to create new solutions for the benefit of the organization or with the goal of changing their personal status within the organization. Transactional leadership was widely adopted as the preferred management style enshrined in Frederick Taylors concept of scientific management (1911).All employees were to be treated in the same fashion. Uniformity was fairness. â€Å"Transactional leadership is explicitly designed to clearly define and reward in-role performance† (Boerner et al. , 2007). The employee does what is required; then they receive a reward for their service. Transactional leadersh ip, within scientific management, is implicitly designed to insure compliance with simple pre-designated functions. It should be noted that unlike transformational leadership, philosophically there is not a moral component to transactional leadership.The only moral obligation of the leader is to fulfill the implicit and explicit terms of their agreement with the followers. It may be argued that the lack of a moral basis within transactional leadership and scientific management was the logical underpinning which supported the labor abuses during the early industrial revolution. The principal approaches to transactional leadership as defined by Bass (1985) include; contingent reward, management by exception (both active and passive) and laissez-faire leadership.Within contingent reward approach, the transactional leader provides rewards if follower performs in accordance with the employment contract or if the follower expends the required effort for the achievement of a designated tas k. The employee participation does not extend beyond the designated task. Henry Ford and the early Ford Motor Corporation are great examples of transactional leadership and contingent reward system. Henry became financially successful and legendary by the perfection of the assembly line in automotive production.The employees of Ford Motor were expected to perform specific functions in a highly regulated environment. For their participation, Ford Motor employees were comparatively well rewarded with a high hourly rate and benefits, but it was clear the company was transactional in nature and not interested in potential contributions they might make outside what had been hired for. Ford paid well but was simply buying their time. Management by exception is the concept where a leader generally avoids giving direction if the existing processes are operating at expected levels. Followers operate independently so long as performance goals are met.Leadership personnel are separate from the followers and active engagement with them is the exception rather than rule. There are active and passive approaches to management by exception. Within active management by exception, the leader only intervenes if there is a deviation from expected organizational performance but is proactive in the measurement of that performance. The leader looks for mistakes, irregularities, exceptions and failures and then takes corrective action whenever they are identified. Within the passive approach to leadership by exception, the leader is reactive.The leader waits to be informed about errors and deviances before taking action. If the leader is in an adversarial situation with their workers, the first the time a reactive leader may hear of a problem is when it has evidenced itself outside his organization. When your company is making its first delivery to a new customer, is not the time any leader wants to hear of a problem with their product. Management by laissez-faire is often defined as the hands off style of management. A laissez-faire manager provides little or no direction to the followers and provides them as much freedom as practical.While, laissez-faire maybe conceptualized by some as liberating, it is often very difficult for followers which receive little or no direction. Laissez-faire often indicates significant emotional limitations of the leader. â€Å"laissez-faire leadership style was negatively correlated with all the constructs of emotional intelligence† (Hayashi & Ewert, 2006). Transactional leadership may be closer to the concept of management than it is to the concept of an inspirational transformative leader. A manager is simply concerned with insuring the processes they are supervising continue to operate within acceptable performance levels.They are not concerned with the establishment of an emotional connection with, or the development of their subordinates. A transactional leader could be directive or participative (B. M. Bass, 1998) but because at the core, transactional leadership is the exchange of employer money for employees time there cannot be pseudo-transactional leadership. Failure to fulfill the explicit or implied terms of an employment contract is emotional, legal and moral fraud. It is quickly discovered and the relationship terminated. The employer who fails to meet payroll on a Friday, will find few employees on the job comeMonday morning. The employee who fails to perform within the standards expected will soon find themselves without work. Transactional and Transformational Leadership Synthesized Since Bass (1985) introduced the concept of transformational leadership many have viewed transactional and transformational leadership as diametric ends of a leadership continuum, each style exclusive of the other. Others have seen transformative and transactional leadership styles as simply complementary. However, neither such conceptualization is adequate. The interrelationship of the two leadership s tyles is much more complex.For purposes of this paper, I will use the term â€Å"organizational context† to refer to the entirety of an organizations external environment. I am using the term â€Å"organizational environment† to refer to an organizations internal and cultural environment. Organizational context and organizational environment are interrelated and dictate the predominant leadership style appropriate for the situation. Organizational Context It has been argued that organizations succeed when they are well connected to external environment. Those connections range across a wide spectrum of issues and players including customers, suppliers, regulators, etc.The life of the organization depends upon its connectivity and responsiveness to the entirety of its external context. That connectivity is considered in two of the four factors of the strategic planning acronym SWOT. (Pickton & Wright, 1998) Both opportunities and threats are to be found in the external organizational context. Some contexts require organizational participants to have large investments in hard capital, such as assembly lines or blast furnaces. Other contexts require organizational participants to have large investments in soft capital such as the software industry with its requirement for a highly educated work force.To a very large degree, the industry context will dictate the organizational environment required for long term success. Organizational Environment Organizational environment â€Å"has a powerful effect on the performance and long-term effectiveness of organizations† (Masood, Dani, Burns, & Backhouse, 2006). There is a large body of evidence that â€Å"transformational leadership has been positively correlated with how effective the leader is perceived by subordinates†¦ how satisfied the subordinates are with the leader and how well subordinates perform as rated by the leader† (Hater & Bass, 1988).The followers of a transformational l eader â€Å"produce high levels of subordinate effort and performance that went beyond what would occur with a transactional approach† (Seltzer & Bass, 1990). As importantly, the increased effort and performance was accompanied by â€Å"higher levels of creativity measured by divergent thinking among group members† (D. I. Jung, 2000). To do this the transformative leader has to â€Å"establish an organizational environment in which subordinates feel safe in trying out innovative approaches without the fear of punishment for failure† (D.I. Jung, 2000). Such transformative â€Å"followership† is vital within an appropriate context. Most of an organizations context is outside managements control, therefore the internal organizational environment must be constructed in such a way as to optimize external connectivity. There are some organizational contexts in which individual initiative and creativity are largely undesirable, for example, within a basic servic es organization, an engineering organization or within a government agency. Basic services tend to be highly repetitive.The development of a transformative organizational vision in an industry which removes trash or delivers mail tends to meaningless for those who are doing the actual function. As illustrative, I once had an acquaintance who was a postman by profession. I indicated my belief that it was the postman who made commerce happen and brought messages with life and emotional connections from one person to the next. He informed me that his job was simply â€Å"to put paper into the right slots†. It is hard to be inspired through the daily routine.The relationship government agencies have with their employees is highly transactional. They are â€Å"generally dominated by a hierarchy culture, as evidenced by large numbers of standardized procedures, multiple hierarchical levels, and an emphasis on rule reinforcement† (Masood et al. , 2006). Within all transaction al governmental organizations, militaries tend to be the most hierarchical and transactional. The context of military operations changes comparatively slowly. Because of the life and death nature of any military endeavor the inclination towards scientific management is compounded.Military organizations are â€Å"dominated by the hierarchy culture, the leadership style shown is that of organizing, controlling, monitoring, administering, coordinating, and maintaining efficiency† (Masood et al. , 2006). Operationally, military’s tend to be very scientific in their nature and highly transactional in their leadership style. The military organizational environment prizes compliance over creativity. To be successful within an army any individual needs to be first and foremost a transactional leader.This has historically led to organizational atrophy and the cliche that the army is always getting ready to fight the last war. The bayonet charge was one of the principal techniqu es used by the French Army under Napoleon Bonaparte. It became a deeply ingrained part of the French Army’s organizational environment. It was only after the deaths of a million French soldiers and a mutiny by the army that the French Higher Command concluded bayonet charges against machine guns were not wise. The First World War taught the French Army the best way to fight was from well fortified fixed positions.During the 1920s and the 1930s, at great expense, the French Army built the â€Å"impregnable† Maginot Line. The line was circumvented in 1940 and the French Army fell in less than a month to the new German Blitzkrieg. At the other end of the spectrum is the industry context of a high tech Silicon Valley development firm. It is an industry context which is rapidly developing with new and dramatic innovations every year. It is a market which is so dynamic that a company with last year’s technology is soon â€Å"last year’s company†.Of neces sity the organizational environment needs to be characterized by a dynamic, entrepreneurial, and creative workplaces. Unlike the very tall and hierarchical military organizations, high tech organizations tend to be entrepreneurial and flat with divisions operating semi autonomously. If an organization is to succeed in such a context, people need to stick their necks out and take risks. It is â€Å"essential that individual creative ideas and divergent perspectives be pronounced and shared with co-workers† (Boerner et al. 2007). Effective organizational leadership needs to be â€Å"visionary, innovative and risk oriented† (Masood et al. , 2006). Because of the context in which they function a high tech organization requires an environment which prizes creativity over compliance. Organizational Leadership Comparative long term organizational success is based upon the ability of the organization to align and interconnect with its external context. To achieve such alignmen t an internal environment must be created to match that external context.The appropriate internal environment is best created by senior management with an aligned leadership style; the transformative leader for an open free exchange environment and the transactional leader for highly structured military environment. It takes a transformative tech geek to create and operate the internal environment of a high tech company in a fast pace industry. It takes a transactional general to manage an army in a scientific and orderly fashion. Hopefully without the atrophy which was evidenced by the French Army twice in the twentieth century. Leadership is not in itself sufficient.It is the role of any senior leader to insure the organizational environment is aligned with the organizational context. This includes, â€Å"structural changes, job redesign and revised human resource practices are needed to add weight to culture change efforts† (Masi, 2000). The expectation of transformative b ehavior within a hierarchical autocratic organizational structure is unrealistic. An expectation of organizational success by a transactional leader in a high tech environment may be unwarranted. Participative and Authoritarian Leadership Unfortunately, â€Å"many people equate being transformational with being participative† (B.M. Bass, 1999a). In contrasting transformative and transactional leadership, it is important not to confuse transformative leadership with a participative leadership style or transactional leadership with authoritarian leadership style. â€Å"Transformational leaders can be directive or participative, authoritarian or democratic† (B. M. Bass, 1999b). Winston Churchill is an example of a great transformative leader however he was not a particularly participative leader. Churchill would listen in cabinet meetings, and then he would make a decision. Once made, he was immoveable.Likewise, Adolph Hitler was certainly a transformative leader, inspiri ng millions to die for his vision of a future Germany, but Hitler was also clearly authoritarian in his approach to government and military operations. Transformational â€Å"leaders can be directive or participative† (B. M. Bass, 1998, p. 12). Transformative Leadership and Transactional Leadership Synthesized Such a characterization of the context and environment of necessity aligning with transactional and transformative leadership styles is obviously much too simplistic. A synthesis of the two styles requires much more.History is full of examples of dynamic, inspirational and transactional military leaders acting in a transformational way. Likewise American industrial history is full of highly successful transformational leaders acting in a transactional fashion. All organizations require both transactional and transformational leadership. It is a matter of position and degree. The intertwining of transformational and transactional leadership styles depends as much upon th e position of an individual leader within the organization as the organizational environment within the industrial context.An army is a large organization managed on scientific, transactional principles but an army also needs transformative leadership. A general leading his army needs to be transformational when providing a vision as to why the army was going to fight. Upon assuming command of the Third Army in Europe, Gen. George Patton gave a stirring transformational speech to his soldiers as to why they were fighting Germany and as to why they were destined to succeed. The speech was purely transformational. However Gen. Patton was as clearly transactional when giving orders to his army.Later research documented this effect â€Å"as was expected from military leaders, senior staff officers scored the highest on transformational leadership† (Eid et al. , 2004). Can an army platoon leader be transformative in their leadership style? Certainly, but much more often they are c alled to be transactional in the accomplishment of the generals transformative vision. In contrast, the head of a high tech company must be substantially more transformational than military leaders. In a military organization, people are secondary to the mission and if necessary their lives are expendable.Within a high tech organization, the employees are often the greatest asset of the company. To lose the developers and engineers of a high tech company through the actions of a transactional authoritarian leader would signal financial disaster. Any high tech company needs their employees to be diligent, brilliant and loyal. The leader must be transformative to create the environment which will limit employee turnover; however that same leader must be transactional when addressing housekeeping issues. If you want someone to clean a toilet, it is very difficult to inspire them with visions of the future.It is much easier and much more practical to inspire them in a transactional way with an extra dollar an hour. Layering If we are attempting to synthesize the concepts of transactional and transformational leadership we must consider a strong element of layering. Conceptually based upon Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, (Maslow, Stacey, & DeMartino, 1958) if any leader cannot provide basic transactional benefits, such as food, then it is very hard for them to provide transformational leadership. Grand vision often fades when an individual’s stomach is empty. There are certainly dramatic historic examples of this layering effect.During the Revolution the American Army encamped at Valley Forge Pennsylvania. Gen. George Washington had been able to inspire his army with the transformative vision of a new independent nation. However, hundreds of soldiers weekly were deserting and few were reenlisting. The army simply had no food with which to feed them. It was the leadership of Gen. Wayne and Gen. Lee who were able to provide provisions during the Valley For ge encampment which overcame the basic transactional needs of the American Patriots. In the modern business world, the same transactional / transformational layering effect is clear to see.A software engineer may work for a reduced salary in anticipation of their corporate stock options being highly valuable some day. However, the first time a pay check does not arrive, they are rightfully looking for a new employer. The Transactional-Transformational Gestalt to Leadership Early research into leadership focused upon the personality traits which a successful leader exhibited. (Lowin, Hrapchak, & Kavanagh, 1969) There was debate as to whether appropriate leadership traits could be taught or if they were somehow genetically inherent within unique individuals.But it was accepted that a person’s personality traits are what made one individual a leader and one individual a follower. The difficulty is the concept of leadership by its very nature is developmental. Senior organization al leaders were once first line supervisors. In their book, The Leadership Pipeline (2001) Ram Charan et. al. wrote of the â€Å"gestalt to leadership†. Leadership development â€Å" takes the form of six career passages†¦ involve a major change in job requirements, demanding new skills, time applications and work values† (Charan et al. , 2001, p. 6).If leadership was fixed in an individual’s personality then a shift in the leadership balance between transactional and transformational as an individual traversed those career passages, could not be accomplished. But a myriad of such changes in the approach to leadership go on every day â€Å"maybe that transformational and transactional leadership behaviors are more malleable, more transient and less trait like than one might otherwise believe† (Bono & Judge, 2004). There is a strong element of sequencing when we think in terms of transactional and transformative leadership.As an individual moves throu gh the various stages of leadership, their approach to leadership needs to change. A first line supervisor is responsible for a few individuals in a single department. It is the supervisor’s role to insure each individual completes their assigned organizational tasks. The leadership a first line supervisor provides is mainly transactional in nature. By the time a leader has reached senior management that individual needs to have shifted from fundamentally transactional leadership form to fundamentally transformational leadership form.They spend much less of their time supervising and much more of their time setting forth organizational vision. To be successful any organization needs to assist developing leaders to successfully traverse through all the stages from first line transactional supervisors to transformational upper management. QUESTION_3: According to Conger, â€Å"Two fundamental processes often lead to leadership derailment – the leader's own potential for narcissism and control, and the dynamics of dependence cultivated among followers† (Conger, 2002).The framework for evaluating leadership provides an accurate assessment of strengths and weaknesses based on what it takes to become a leader in our society, with specific behavioral goals, and developmental activities. Compare and contrast the leadership styles between a great leader and a dark leader. Analyze and evaluate the impact of cultural values on how dark leaders and great leaders are defined and accepted. Reference: Conger, Jay A. , Danger of Delusion. The qualities that make Leaders Great, Financial Times; London (UK); November 29, 2002 Leadership DefinedBy definition leadership is the ability for one person to influence and coordinate the actions of a group of people towards a common goal. Leadership can be exercised in such small contexts as a single individual influencing his or her friends to go out to a movie or as grandiose as a politician rising to be the leade r of a country. Leadership can be gained and lost; it is always ephemeral. Leadership counts. â€Å"We maintain that individuals, in high-power positions can and do make a difference in the way organizations behave in their environments† (Flynn & Staw, 2004).Organizations with transformative leaderships are more likely to smoothly operate towards their organizational goals. Companies with dynamic transformational leaders are better at attracting shareholders, as evidenced by increased stock prices. (Flynn & Staw, 2004) Leaders serve â€Å"as a role model for the team members and increased cooperation among the members† (Tucker & Russell, 2004). They reach their highest level of influence and power when they have been able to establish a personal, emotional connection with their followers.The concept of follower identification is defined as the condition when members of a group come to personally identify themselves as followers of a particular leader. (Gardner & Avolio , 1998) They are no longer individuals but conceptualize themselves as disciples of a particular leader. By closely indentifying the leader, followers draw their personal image and sense of self from their association with that leader. (Sinha & Jackson, 2006) The concept of leadership is inherently amoral. Leadership ca